Satsuma ware
Satsuma ware (薩摩焼, Satsuma-yaki) wani salo ne na musamman na tukwane na Japan wanda ya samo asali daga lardin Satsuma (Kagoshima Prefecture na zamani) a kudancin Kyushu. Ya shahara musamman don ƙyalli mai launin kirim mai ƙyalƙyali da kayan ado na ado, galibi yana nuna zinare da enamels na polychrome. Satsuma ware yana da daraja sosai a Japan da kuma na duniya, musamman don halayen kayan ado da ƙungiyoyin tarihi masu wadata.
Tarihi
Asalin (ƙarni na 16-17)
Satsuma ware ya samo asali ne daga ƙarshen karni na 16, biyo bayan mamayar da Japanawa suka yi wa Koriya (1592-1598). Bayan yaƙin neman zaɓe, sarkin yaƙi Shimazu Yoshihiro ya kawo ƙwararrun tukwane na Koriya zuwa Satsuma, wanda ya kafa tushen al'adun tukwane na gida.
Farkon Satsuma (Shiro Satsuma) =
Siffa ta farko, sau da yawa ana kiranta Shiro Satsuma ('farar Satsuma), an yi ta amfani da yumbu na gida kuma ana harba shi a ƙananan yanayin zafi. Ya kasance mai sauƙi, mai ɗaci, kuma yawanci ba a yi masa ado ba ko fenti mai sauƙi. An yi amfani da waɗannan kayayyaki na farko don ayyukan yau da kullun da bukukuwan shayi.
Zaman Edo (1603-1868)
A tsawon lokaci, Satsuma ware ya sami goyon bayan aristocratic, kuma tukwane ya zama mai ladabi. Taron karawa juna sani a Kagoshima, musamman a Naeshirogawa, ya fara samar da dalla-dalla ga Daimyo' da manyan azuzuwan.
Lokacin Meiji (1868-1912)
A lokacin Meiji, Satsuma ware ya sami canji, wanda ya dace da dandano na Yamma. An yi wa yanki ado da kyau da:
- Zinariya da enamels masu launi
- Yanayin rayuwar Jafananci, addini, da shimfidar wurare
- Tsara iyakoki da tsari
Wannan lokacin ya ga tashin gwauron zabi a fitar da Satsuma ware zuwa Turai da Amurka, inda ya zama alamar alatu.
Halaye
Satsuma ware yana bambanta ta hanyoyi da yawa:
Jiki da kyalli =
- Clay: Kayan dutse masu laushi, masu launin hauren giwa
- Glaze: Maɗaukaki, sau da yawa translucent tare da kyakkyawan tsarin fasa ('kannyu)
- ji: M da santsi don taɓawa
Ado
Ana amfani da motif ɗin ado ta amfani da overglaze enamels da gilding, ana nuna su akai-akai:
- Batutuwan addini': gumakan Buddha, sufaye, temples
- Nature': furanni (musamman chrysanthemums da peonies), tsuntsaye, butterflies
- Yan wasan kwaikwayo: Samurai, matan kotu, yara suna wasa
- Jigogi na tatsuniyoyi : dodanni, phoenixes, almara
Forms
Siffofin gama gari sun haɗa da:
- Vases
- Kwanuka
- Saitin shayi
- Hoto
- Alamomin ado
Nau'in Satsuma Ware
Shiro Satsuma (白薩摩) =
- Farko, kayan kwalliya masu launin kirim
- An yi shi da farko don amfanin gida
Kuro Satsuma (黒薩摩)
- Less common
- Made with darker clay and glazes
- Simpler decoration, sometimes incised or with ash glaze
Fitar da Satsuma
- An yi masa ado da zinare da launi
- An ƙirƙira da farko don kasuwannin fitarwa (marigayi Edo zuwa lokacin Meiji)
- Sau da yawa masu zane-zane ko ɗakunan studio sun sanya hannu
Fitattun Killaye da Mawaƙa
- Naeshirogawa Kilns (苗代川窯): The birthplace of Satsuma ware
- Yabu Meizan (藪明山): One of the most renowned Meiji-era decorators
- Kinkozan family (錦光山家): Famous for their refined technique and prolific output
Alamu da Tabbatarwa
Yankunan Satsuma galibi suna ɗaukar alamomi akan tushe, gami da:
- "Cicciyen cikin da'irar" (Shimazu family crest)
- Sa hannun Kanji na masu fasaha ko bita
- "Dai Nippon" (大日本), yana nuna girman kai na zamanin Meiji.
Abin kula: Saboda shahararsa, yawancin haifuwa da karya sun wanzu. Ingantattun kayan satsuma na kayan gargajiya yawanci mara nauyi ne, yana da kyalkyalin hauren giwa mai kyalli mai kyau, kuma yana baje kolin daki-daki na fentin hannu.
Muhimmancin Al'adu
Satsuma ware ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin fasahar kayan ado na Japan, musamman a cikin:
- Bikin Shayi': kayayyakin farko da ake amfani da su azaman kwanon shayi da kwanonin turare
- Fitarwa da Diflomasiya: An yi aiki azaman fitarwar al'adu mai mahimmanci yayin sabuntar Japan
- Da'irori Masu Tattara': Masu tattara kayan fasahar Jafananci sun sami daraja sosai a duniya
Audio
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