Satsuma ware
Satsuma ware (薩摩焼, Satsuma-yaki) waa qaab gaar ah oo dheriga Japan ah oo asal ahaan ka soo jeeda Gobolka Satsuma (Kagoshima Prefecture-ka casriga ah) ee koonfurta Kyushu. Waxay si gaar ah caan ugu tahay dhaldhalaalka midabka kareemka ah ee jeexjeexan iyo qurxinta qurxinta, oo inta badan leh dahab iyo dhaldhalaalka polychrome. Ware Satsuma ayaa aad looga qaddariyaa Japan iyo caalamkaba, gaar ahaan tayada qurxinta iyo ururrada taariikhiga ah ee qani ah.
Taariikhda
Asal ahaan (qarnigii 16aad-17aad)
Satsuma ware wuxuu raadraacaa asalkiisa dabayaaqadii qarnigii 16aad, ka dib duulaankii Japan ee Kuuriya (1592-1598). Ololaha ka dib, dagaal-ooge Shimazu Yoshihiro wuxuu keenay dherya-sameeyayaal Kuuriyaan ah oo xirfad u leh Satsuma, kuwaas oo aasaasay aasaaska dhaqanka dhoobada maxalliga ah.
Satsuma hore (Shiro Satsuma) =
Qaabka ugu horreeya, oo inta badan loo yaqaan Shiro Satsuma ('Satsuma White Satsuma), ayaa la sameeyay iyadoo la isticmaalayo dhoobo gudaha ah waxaana lagu shiday heerkul hooseeya. Waxay ahayd mid fudud, rustic ah, oo sida caadiga ah looga tagay iyada oo aan la qurxin ama si khafiif ah loo rinjiyeeyay. Alaabtan hore waxa loo isticmaali jiray ujeeddooyin maalmeed iyo xafladaha shaaha.
Muddada Edo (1603-1868) =
Waqti ka dib, Satsuma ware waxay heshay aristocratic patronage, iyo dheriga ayaa noqday mid la safeeyey. Aqoon-is-weydaarsiyada Kagoshima, gaar ahaan Naeshirogawa, waxay bilaabeen inay soo saaraan qaybo sii kordhaya oo faahfaahsan oo loogu talagalay Daimyo iyo fasallada sare.
Muddada Meiji (1868-1912)
Intii lagu jiray xilligii Meiji, Satsuma ware waxa ku dhacay isbeddel, oo la qabsanaya dhadhanka reer galbeedka. Qaybaha waxaa si hodan loogu sharraxay:
- Dahab iyo dhaldhalaalka midabka leh
- Muuqaallada nolosha Japan, diinta, iyo muuqaalka muuqaalka
- Xakamaynta xuduudaha iyo qaababka
Muddadani waxay aragtay kor u kac weyn oo ku yimid dhoofinta Satsuma ware ee Yurub iyo Ameerika, halkaas oo ay noqotay calaamad muujinaysa raaxo qalaad.
Astaamaha
Satsuma ware waxaa lagu kala saaraa dhowr astaamood oo muhiim ah:
Jirka iyo dhalaalka =
- Dhoobo: Qalab jilicsan oo fool maroodi leh
- Glaze: Kareemka leh, oo inta badan tarjuma oo leh qaab dildilaac ah ('kannyu)
- Dareen': jilicsan oo si fudud u taabasho
Qurxinta
Qaababka qurxinta waxaa lagu dabaqaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo dhaldhalaalka glaze iyo gilding, oo inta badan sawiraya:
- Mawduucyada Diinta': ilaahyada Buddhist, suufiyadoodii, macbadyo
- Dabeecada: Ubax (gaar ahaan chrysanthemums iyo peonies), shimbiraha, dhicin
- Muqaallada hiddaha': Samurai, haweenka maxkamadda, carruurta ciyaarta ku jirta
- Mawduucyada khuraafaadka: Dragons, phoenixes, sheeko-yaqaan
Foomamka =
Foomamka caadiga ah waxaa ka mid ah:
- Vases
- Makiinada
- Qaybaha shaaha
- Sawirro
- Tabeelo wax lagu qurxiyo
Noocyada Satsuma Ware
Shiro Satsuma (白薩摩) =
- Horaantii, alaabada midabka kareemka leh
- Waxa ugu horrayn loo soo saaray isticmaalka gudaha
Kuro Satsuma (Black Satsuma) =
- Caadi ahaan ka yar
- Lagu sameeyay dhoobo madow iyo dhalaalid
- Qurxinta fudud, mararka qaarkood waa la jarjaray ama dhalaal dambas leh
Dhoofinta Satsuma =
- Si aad ah ayaa loogu qurxiyey dahab iyo midab
- Waxaa loo sameeyay ugu horrayn suuqyada dhoofinta (dabayaaqadii Edo ilaa Meiji)
- Inta badan waxaa saxiixay fanaaniin gaar ah ama istuudyo
Kilalka iyo fanaaniinta caanka ah
- Naeshirogawa Kilns (苗代川窯): The birthplace of Satsuma ware
- Yabu Meizan (藪明山): One of the most renowned Meiji-era decorators
- Kinkozan family (錦光山家): Famous for their refined technique and prolific output
Calaamadaha iyo Xaqiijinta
Qaybaha Satsuma waxay inta badan sitaan calaamado saldhigga, oo ay ku jiraan:
- Iskutallaabta ku dhex taal goobada (Shimazu family crest)
- Saxeexa Kanji ee fannaaniinta ama aqoon-is-weydaarsiyada
- "Dai Nippon" (大日本), taasoo muujineysa hanka wadaninimo ee xilligii Meiji
Xusuusin: Caannimadiisa awgeed, taran badan iyo been abuur ayaa jira. Qalabka qadiimiga ah ee Satsuma ayaa caadi ahaan miisaankoodu yar yahay, waxa uu leeyahay dhaldhalaalka fool maroodi oo leh dildilaacyo fiican, oo waxa uu soo bandhigaa tafaasiil gacmeed rinji oo aad u fiican.
Muhiimada Dhaqanka
Satsuma ware ayaa door muhiim ah ka ciyaartay farshaxanka qurxinta ee Japan, gaar ahaan:
- Xafladda Shaaha': Alaabooyinka hore ee loo isticmaalo sida weel shaaha iyo weelasha fooxa
- Dhoofinta iyo Diblomaasiyada : Waxaa loo adeegay dhoofinta dhaqameed muhiim ah inta lagu jiro casriyeynta Japan
- Ururiyeyaasha' Goobabada: Waxaa si heersare ah u qiimeeya aruuriyayaasha fanka Japan ee caalamka
Audio
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| English |
