Export Satsuma
Export Satsuma refers to a style of Japanese earthenware pottery produced primarily in the Satsuma domain (present-day Kagoshima Prefecture) and other ceramic centers in Japan during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, specifically for foreign markets. Characterized by elaborate decoration, gilding, and intricate figural scenes, Export Satsuma became highly sought after in Europe, North America, and beyond, particularly during the Meiji period (1868–1912).
History
Satsuma ware originated in the early 17th century, introduced to Japan by Korean potters brought over during the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598). Early pieces were simple, warm-toned earthenware with subtle glazes.
With Japan's opening to the West in the mid-19th century, potters adapted their techniques to appeal to foreign tastes. This gave rise to Export Satsuma, a more ornate style produced in large quantities for international exhibitions, diplomatic gifts, and commercial export.
Key Historical Points
- 1867 – Satsuma ware appeared in Europe at the Paris International Exposition, sparking foreign interest.
- 1873–1900 – Peak production for export markets, coinciding with Japan's participation in multiple world fairs.
- Late Meiji period – Production spread beyond Satsuma to Kyoto, Osaka, and Yokohama, leading to variations in style and quality.
Characteristics
Export Satsuma pieces are generally recognized by:
- Body: Creamy, ivory-toned earthenware with a fine crackled glaze (kan-nyū).
- Decoration: Dense, colorful overglaze enamels combined with lavish gilding.
- Themes: Landscapes, courtly scenes, Buddhist deities, and daily life motifs.
- Texture: Rich, raised enamel work (moriage) in certain high-quality examples.
Typical Decorative Elements
- Brocade patterns inspired by textiles.
- Mythological figures such as Kannon, Jizō, or Shōki.
- Nature scenes with cherry blossoms, peonies, or chrysanthemums.
- Historical episodes from Japanese literature or folklore.
Major Production Centers
Kyoto
- Known for fine detail, delicate brushwork, and elegant gilding.
- Workshops such as Kinkōzan and Yabu Meizan gained international fame.
Yokohama
- Specialized in large, striking display pieces for Western collectors.
- Frequently employed bright colors and heavier gilding.
Osaka and Kobe
- Produced both high-quality and mass-market wares.
- Many items exported through these busy port cities.
Marks and Signatures
Export Satsuma pieces often bear marks on the base, usually in gold over red. Common elements include:
- The circle with cross emblem of the Shimazu clan (rulers of Satsuma).
- Kanji inscriptions naming the potter or workshop.
- Phrases such as Dai Nippon (Great Japan), emphasizing national pride.
Collectibility and Modern Perception
While mass production led to varied quality levels, Export Satsuma remains highly collectible. The finest pieces are valued for:
- Extraordinary miniature painting skill.
- Complex narrative scenes.
- Excellent condition with minimal gilding loss.
Factors Influencing Value
- Artist reputation (e.g., Yabu Meizan, Namikawa Yasuyuki).
- Level of detail and painting precision.
- Size and uniqueness of form.
- Condition of enamels and gilding.
Notable Examples
- Vases for display in European parlors.
- Tea sets combining Japanese motifs with Western shapes.
- Figurines depicting gods, samurai, or geisha.
- Plaques and chargers designed for wall display.
Legacy
Export Satsuma is both a product of Japan's adaptation to global trade and an expression of traditional craftsmanship shaped by Western tastes. Today, it serves as a testament to the cultural exchange of the Meiji era, balancing domestic artistic traditions with international market demands.
References
- Impey, Oliver. Japanese Export Satsuma, 1867–1914. London: British Museum Press, 2002.
- Ayers, John. The Art of Japanese Porcelain. London: Sotheby's Publications, 1982.
- Cortazzi, Hugh. Japan and the Victorian World. London: Routledge, 2013.
- Gisela Jahn. Meiji Ceramics: The Art of Japanese Export Porcelain and Satsuma Ware, 1868–1912. Munich: Prestel, 1989.
- Franks, Sir Augustus W. Japanese Pottery. London: South Kensington Museum, 1880.
