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'''Tenryū-sha''' (天龍紗) is a traditional lightweight '''silk gauze textile''' historically produced in the Tenryū River basin, spanning areas of present-day [[Shizuoka Prefecture]] and [[Nagano Prefecture]]. The cloth is characterized by its extremely fine mesh-like weave, delicate translucency, and smooth, cool hand-feel. Tenryū-sha was historically used for summer garments, underkimono, sashes, and formal accessories suited to hot, humid climates.

== History ==
Silk weaving developed in the Tenryū River region during the late Edo and early Meiji periods, supported by sericulture in rural mountain communities. The region’s steep valleys and clear river water provided suitable conditions for silk-reeling and dyeing. As weaving techniques advanced, local artisans developed methods for producing '''ultra-light, open-weave silk fabrics''', which became known collectively as Tenryū-sha.

During the Meiji era, Tenryū-sha gained popularity among urban consumers for summer wear, admired for its elegance and breathability. The rise of machine-woven substitutes in the 20th century led to a decline in production, with only small-scale artisan workshops remaining today.

== Materials ==
Tenryū-sha is woven from:
* '''Silk''' (including reeled silk and sometimes tussah silk variations)

Key characteristics of the yarn:
* Extremely fine single or twisted filaments
* Even, high-tension thread preparation to prevent breakage
* Delicate yarn finishing for light reflection and softness

== Technique ==
Tenryū-sha is woven using '''open-weave techniques''', including:
* Very fine '''plain gauze weaves'''
* Occasionally '''leno (ro) structures''', where warp threads are crossed to create airy mesh patterns

The resulting textile is:
* '''Translucent''', allowing air to pass through freely
* '''Lightweight''', ideal for summer garments
* '''Supple''', with a smooth surface and soft drape

Colors traditionally include:
* Soft whites, creams, and pale natural tones
* Later, indigo, sumi-gray, and muted dyes for subtle elegance

== Cultural Significance ==
Tenryū-sha reflects:
* The refined silk culture of central Japan
* Adaptation of weaving to climate and season
* Regional specialization in ultra-light summer textiles

The cloth is associated with understated elegance, seasonal awareness, and the aesthetics of simplicity.

== Modern Status ==
Production is limited and primarily maintained by:
* Artisan weaving studios
* Regional cultural heritage groups
* Textile researchers and restorers

Modern uses include:
* Summer kimono and juban
* Obi and light scarves
* Textile art installations and museum collections

Tenryū-sha is considered a valuable textile among collectors due to its rarity and technical difficulty of production.

== See also ==
* [[Kumejima tsumugi]]
* [[Miyako-jōfu]]
* [[Ojiya-chijimi]]
* [[Silk textiles of Japan]]

== References ==
* 静岡県文化財保護協会『天龍紗：絹の薄織物の系譜』静岡, 2011.
* 竹内美智子（M. Takeuchi）『日本の伝統織物事典』平凡社, 2014.
* 日本民藝館 編『民藝の布』日本民藝協会, 2006.

[[Category:Textiles]]
[[Category:Shizuoka Prefecture]]
[[Category:Nagano Prefecture]]
[[Category:Japanese folk textiles]]
[[Category:Silk textiles]]
[[Category:Weaving]]